All rights reserved. 2.2. 2021. Sci. Overriding follow the convention for the hashCode() method that states, the equal object must have equal hash code. Because we had a moderate sample size (, For each software system under study, values of the Index variants are visually presented in, The differences between the values of Index variants are evaluated in, The scatter plot matrix representation with pairwise correlation analysis is shown in, To further analyze the multivariate relationships based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the seven Index variants, multidimensional scaling was used to reduce the dimensions of the data to two. Finding differences between collections of objects of the same data type is a common programming task. Every class in java has one parent class that is Object class and it has equals () method to compare two any objects. OK, lets go for that: However, your function only works for flat objects, not for the nested one. Similarly, in the second println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse the same value as in the constructor of the Double class. Research on Software Maintenance Cost of Influence Factor Analysis and Estimation Method. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above. Ive also created the new fake usingWrappingso that the original methods on the class would still be called I really care aboutToStringwhich I would override to produce a meaningful assertion message. Below are 5 ways to compare two Strings in Java: Using user-defined function : Define a function to compare values with following conditions : if (string1 > string2) it returns a positive value. Najm, N. Measuring Maintainability Index of a Software Depending on Line of Code Only. Mastering JS. By better understanding Index variants and the importance of the context in which an Index variant is used, practitioners can select the variant that best fits their specific needs and goals. A generic methodology for early identification of non-maintainable source code components through analysis of software releases. Bandi, R.; Vaishnavi, V.; Turk, D. Predicting maintenance performance using object-oriented design complexity metrics. Chowdhury, S.; Holmes, R.; Zaidman, A.; Kazman, R. Revisiting the debate: Are code metrics useful for measuring maintenance effort? Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. String class from the Java.lang package. and B.. Example 1: The above implementation along with usage of hashCode(): How to Compare Two TreeMap Objects in Java? See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. For instance, it may be on roll no, name, age, or anything else. All systems studied were open-source and based on the Java programming language. person1 and person2 have the same properties with the same values. ; Rachmadi, R.R. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort () function using one of the standard algorithms. We rarely compare the object references in real projects. The difference between those two lists would give us the students who didn't pass the exam. Convert a String to Character Array in Java. In Proceedings of the 2015 41st Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, Madeira, Portugal, 2628 August 2015; pp. Using compareTo () method Using compareToIgnoreCase () method Using compare () method Method 1: using == operator Double equals operator is used to compare two or more than two objects, If they are referring to the same object then return true, otherwise return false. The above program produced the output saying both e1, e3 objects are not the same even though both objects are having the same values. The reason is that deep down inside our assert have no idea what is an equal object and so it runsObject.Equalsand throws an exception in case of failure. = median, Std. Fioravanti, F.; Nesi, P. Estimation and prediction metrics for adaptive maintenance effort of object-oriented systems. Else print minimum and maximum variables. Each Java object is associated with the hash code. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". In Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, Brno, Czech Republic, 30 March3 April 2020; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2020; pp. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. This seems like overkill in this case - were not asserting for two different, unrelated things. ; Anda, B.; Mockus, A. Maua, G.; Galinac Grbac, T. Co-evolutionary multi-population genetic programming for classification in software defect prediction: An empirical case study. Hope you enjoy this article and find fun with the DIY thing. x holds the same value as we have passed in the equals() method. [. The comparison operator == tests whether two reference variables point to the same object. Comparing each element of a List against some condition. The hash code is managed by a hash-based data structure, such as HashTable, HashSet, etc. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. By using our site, you The resulting visualization seen in, Instead of the manual identification of groups, to more accurately determine the similar groups of the Index variants, clustering on the Pearson Correlation Coefficients was performed. One or more elements from. Therefore, extra caution should be taken when using the Index variants for more specific assessments instead of general ones. The above code snippet shows that two employees will be equal if they are stored in the same memory address or they have the same regno. Overall, the findings of this research have the potential to benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of software engineering by providing a better understanding of how the selection of Index variant affects the perception of the maintainability of software systems. The idea is that every unit test should have only one reason to fail. Naturally, it is to be expected that maintainability assessment based on different variants computed using different equations may yield different results when subjected to the same software. When it is invoked more than once during the execution of an application, the hashCode() method will consistently return the same hash code (integer value). Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. "Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems" Applied Sciences 13, no. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare() method. Blogger | Programmer | Entrepreneur | Join me for more helpful insights: https://linktr.ee/amyjandrews92, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // true, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // false, console.log(_.isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, for (let i = 0; i < props1.length; i++) {, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // false, if ((!bothAreObjects && (obj1[prop] !== obj2[prop])). This method logic compares both object's id, name, and age values. Please mail your requirement at [emailprotected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week. Note that the object should not be modified. Index Object Oriented Syst. Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics. Multidimensional scaling. Predicting the maintainability of open source software using design metrics. Collections API uses hashcode() and equals() Method, 5. [, Counsell, S.; Liu, X.; Eldh, S.; Tonelli, R.; Marchesi, M.; Concas, G.; Murgia, A. Re-visiting the Maintainability Index Metric from an Object-Oriented Perspective. However, using JSON.stringify() to compare objects has one limitation. You are accessing a machine-readable page. = average, CI = confidence interval, Med. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. Compare Entry: Entry is a key-value pair. [. The differences in Index variants values are the most notable when looking at the finer-grained results derived from different Index variants. Using JSON.stringify. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive We limited our selection to well-defined variants (i.e., variants with an adequate description of the metrics needed for computation, the process of the metrics collection, and the process of Index calculation) that are commonly used in existing research on object-oriented software. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Observe the values of HashMap before and after adding the employee values. For example, if we want to check for any two values to make the equals() method consider the two objects to be the same: This method is more like an add-on to the previous one. Granja-Alvarez, J.C.; Barranco-Garca, M.J. A Method for Estimating Maintenance Cost in a Software Project: A Case Study. 252264. It is believed that a system that is difficult to maintain requires more resources to correct, improve, perfect, and adapt, which raises the overall cost of the software. Malhotra, R.; Khanna, M. Particle swarm optimization-based ensemble learning for software change prediction. You should not use == (equality operator) to compare these strings because they compare the reference of the string, i.e. Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. Such compare is validated automatically as soon as we write or paste our JSON objects on both sides. In a similar way Ive created a new extension method that would compare the properties on two classes: And now I can use the following to compare my expected value with the value returned by the test: Simple(ish) is it? Ignoring which Index variant is used to assess maintainability could lead to misleading perceptions. The newEqualswould returntrueifMyIntis the same in the two objects. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Misra [, The evolution of the initially proposed Maintainability Index into numerous variants has resulted in a varying usage of Index variants in the context of maintainability assessment. Now execute the code using Run option or Ctrl+f11 and output as below gets displayed. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. You seem to have javascript disabled. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between different software systems? The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the Alsolai, H.; Roper, M. A systematic literature review of machine learning techniques for software maintainability prediction. In the example above, person1 and person2 have the same properties and values, so JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2) is true. How to Find an Element in a List with Java. Join us next week for a fireside chat: "Women in Observability: Then, Now, and Beyond", Integrating AWS Secrets Manager With Spring Boot, Creating Your Swiss Army Knife on Java Test Stack, Comparing Two Objects Using Assert.AreEqual(). Therefore, it is advisable not to use this method in comparing objects without overriding it. Brito e Abreu, F.; Melo, W. Evaluating the impact of object-oriented design on software quality. Now all I needed to do is to compare thefakeExpectedwith the actual result from the test. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. If you instead change the program to use equality operator, you'll get Not Equal as shown in the program below. The below example shows how to compare the two different beans. As shown in the image above, the diff mode offers different methods of comparing two JSON objects. The results showed that the choice of the variant could influence the perception of maintainability. 2023. [. Software maintenance is a phase in the software life cycle that refers to modifications of a software system after delivery, aiming to provide support to the system [, Maintainability is an external quality attribute. [. And also how equals() and hashcode() method are used widely in the Collection API. The Maintainability Index was calculated for each software system under study using seven variants: Next, data analysis on the acquired data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28 and Python 3.7.6. with the matplotlib, NumPy, pandas, SciPy, seaborn, and scikit-learn libraries. 101108. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems? While the expression obj1.equals(obj2) compares equality. I prefer this method since I no longer need to make changes to my production code (e.g. [. Molnar, A.; Motogna, S. Discovering Maintainability Changes in Large Software Systems. For person3, the property name has the different value from person1 and person2. Coleman, D.; Ash, D.; Lowther, B.; Oman, P. Using metrics to evaluate software system maintainability. To meet the above-specified objectives, the following two research questions (RQs) were formulated: How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented software system? Use Collections.min () method and store the return value in min variable. Stack Overflow Developer Survey. Although concerns regarding the appropriateness of the Index for object-oriented languages have been expressed because the measure was initially proposed for systems developed in procedural programming languages [, As discussed above, several variants of the Index exist and are often used interchangeably. For instance, Index variant thresholds for object-oriented software should be refined in the future while also considering the specifics of the Index variant used for maintainability assessment. 486492. ; Rana, A. In summary, the key contributions of this paper are: (1) a review of Maintainability Index variants utilized for maintainability measurement in object-oriented software; (2) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented system; (3) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems, i.e., other versions of the same software system and completely different software systems. Development and Application of an Automated Source Code Maintainability Index. Fedoseev, K.; Askarbekuly, N.; Uzbekova, E.; Mazzara, M. Application of Data-Oriented Design in Game Development. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Heriko, Tjaa, and Botjan umak. Bray, M.; Brune, K.; Fisher, D.A. ; project administration, B.. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) The two objects will be equal if they share the same memory address. [, Coleman, D. Assessing maintainability. It is not necessary that if the two objects are unequal according to equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects may produce distinct integer value. One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. As first, you think the obvious way to compare two objects is iterating the list of properties and then comparing their values. The first threat to internal validity is related to the method used for data collection. Kencana, G.H. In, To assess the relationship between Index variants in the context of comparing the maintainability of versions of the same software system, a correlation analysis was conducted for each case study. The software maintainability index revisited. All source codes for the included software systems were obtained from the original (i.e., not forked) GitHub repositories. Learn more. Three empirical studies on predicting software maintainability using ensemble methods. 2023, 13, 2972. Lavazza, L.; Abualkishik, A.Z. = average, Med. Its a good rule that helps me write good, robust unit tests but like all such rules of thumb its not always right (just most of the time). How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between versions of the same software system? ; visualization, T.H. Example 1: Although equals() method can be used to compare the values of two strings, it is not really useful by default to compare two objects without overriding it. To answer RQ1, an evaluation and analysis of the gathered data were performed for one version of each included software system, focusing on the differences between the Index variants. Conversely, an easily maintainable system is believed to be more cost effective in carrying out such maintenance tasks while also reducing the software systems tendency towards deteriorating software quality. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. *; class GFG { public static void main (String [] args) { So, our custom equals() method in the Employee class is invoked. You probably think comparing two objects in JavaScript is easy. Available online: Virtual Machinery. To answer RQ1 and RQ2.1, the most recently released version at the time of conducting the experiments for each of the 45 software systems under study was used. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. The JHawk tool was used to extract the source code metrics, as it is commonly used for metrics extraction of Java software. Syntax: public boolean equals (Object obj) 2023; 13(5):2972. [. In Proceedings of the Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering: 15th International Conference, ENASE 2020, Prague, Czech Republic, 56 May 2020; Revised Selected Papers 15. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without The resulting visualizations for each case study are presented in, The consistency of the long-term trends in maintainability for each case study was analyzed using MannKendall Trend Tests, and the results are presented in, To examine the short-term trends in the maintainability of each case study, the differences in maintainability from one software release to its previous version are presented separately for each Index variant under study in, The results of different variants of an Index used to assess the maintainability of object-oriented software systems can vary greatly. Another potential area of research is to conduct replication studies of existing work by analyzing the results from the perspective of using Index variants other than the one primarily selected. How to Compare Two Objects in Java? Remember: When we override the equals() method, it is necessary to override the hashCode() method, also. can earth angels fall in love, normal common femoral artery velocity,